Are female Beagles calmer than males

Females are more anxious than males: a metacognitive perspective

Abstract

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that anxiety disorders are more prevalent among women than men. The purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive perspective of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in females with males.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on the high school girls and boys who have been affected by GAD. The sample consisted of 100 high school students (50 boys and 50 girls) selected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GADS) and semi-structured interview. They filled the Metacognitive Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), and Anxiety Thoughts Inventory (AnTI).

Results: Significant differences were observed between girls and boys in anxiety thoughts (health anxiety, social anxiety, and meta-worry). Anxiety thoughts affect girls more than boys; they have more metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability of worry and believe that worry must be avoided. On the other hand, positive beliefs in worry are more common in girls and punishment and meta-worry are being implemented as control strategies in girls more than boys.

Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs in uncontrollability, advantages and avoidance of worry may contribute to the higher prevalence of anxiety in females than males.

Keywords: Anxiety Thoughts Inventory (AnTI); Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD); Metacognitive Thought Control (MTC); Worry.

Do Dogs Prefer A Certain Gender?

Does being around women send your dog into a tail-wagging frenzy, while men seem to make him more skittish (or vice versa)? If thats the case, youre probably wondering: Do dogs prefer a certain gender?

We spoke with Dr. Chyrle Bonk, a veterinarian working with Hepper, to find out why it seems like pups sometimes prefer one gender, and how much gender even has to do with it.

Do dogs like women or men better?

If it ever seems like your dog prefers a certain gender to others, it might actually be true. But when that happens, its not because pups innately have those biases. Instead, its about the associations they developed when they were socialized as puppies.

This typically has to do with how they were socialized, who takes care of them and their past experiences, Dr. Bonk told The Dodo. If a dog is taken care of by a female, theyre more likely to prefer females, [whereas] if theyre primarily taken care of by a male, they may prefer males.

And in some cases, these associations can be negative.

If a dog has a negative experience with one gender, for example abuse or neglect, it may turn [into] them prefer[ing] the other gender out of fear, Dr. Bonk said.

Personality traits dogs like best

A lot of the time, the kind of person dogs prefer has more to do with that persons personality traits than their gender.

According to Dr. Bonk, people who are calm and quiet are the ones most dogs like best.

They like someone that will get down to their level and not scare or upset them, Dr. Bonk said. Dogs prefer these calm and quiet characteristics, especially when meeting someone new, because they dont feel as threatened.

In fact, dogs tend to be more apprehensive of people who exhibit the opposite traits, like being noisy and easily excitable.

People that have loud voices, make sudden movements or tower over them are more likely to make them nervous, Dr. Bonk said. Children can frighten some dogs because they often dont have the self control to move slowly and quietly and may play or pet a little too rough.

So while some dogs may prefer certain genders to others, the way you act towards your pup is way more important than any biases he may have developed when he was younger.

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For Most Mammal Species, Males Actually Arent Larger Than Females, Study Finds

Charles Darwin assumed that male mammals are usually bigger than their female counterparts. Today, this has remained a prevailing idea in science. But a new study published Tuesday in Nature Communications suggests that for most mammals, this paradigm is not the case.

In analyzing data from 429 mammal species, the researchers found that males weighed more than females just 45 percent of the time. The two sexes weighed about the same for 39 percent of species, and females were actually bigger than males in 16 percent of species.

Theres been this really strong inertia toward the larger male narrative, but it was just based on Darwins hand-wavy statement, and the evidence doesnt really support it, Kaia Tombak, lead author of the study and an evolutionary biologist at Purdue University, tells Scientific Americans Rachel Nuwer. The ideas lasting power, she adds, may reflect Western societal biases that tend to look at issues through a male lens.

The real power of this study is that they were very careful and methodical, Catherine Sheard, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland who did not contribute to the paper, says to Science News Jonathan Lambert. The findings emphasize how there are things that people just blithely assume because they havent thought about it since the first year of undergrad biology.

Scientists have theorized that males should be bigger than females, because males sometimes physically compete for mates. To that end, a larger size could be beneficial, writes the New York Times Emily Anthes.

A review conducted in 1976 by mammalogist Katherine Ralls didnt find much support for the idea that male mammals are bigger. But her findings have been overpowered by the continuation of the larger males narrative, write the new study authors.

Research about size differences between males and females, called sexual size dimorphism, has primarily focused on a limited number of mammals for which the males do tend to be larger, such as carnivores and primates. But the majority of mammals are rodents and bats, which are underrepresented in these types of studies, per the paper.

Additionally, existing data tends to focus on average body size, while measures of size variation within species are harder to find. This makes it difficult to determine if one group of animals truly is larger than another. Female prairie dogs, for example, are smaller than males at the start of breeding season, but essentially the same size as males by the end of it.

For the new study, the authors analyzed at least 5 percent of species in 66 of the 78 mammalian families that have at least ten species within them. They looked at data sets that included variance in body mass, as well as averages.

The team found that males did not weigh more than females for most of the species examined, and that differences in mass between males and females were not extreme for most species. They also looked at body length and similarly found no significant difference between the sexes for about half the species studied.

Some carnivores, primates and hoofed mammals did have larger males. But for rabbits and hares, large females were the norm. Half of the rodents studied didnt have sexual size dimorphism, and almost half of the bats had larger females.

The diversity that bats and rodents represent is underappreciated and under-studied, V. Louise Roth, an evolutionary biologist at Duke University who did not contribute to the research, tells the New York Times. That could explain why the notion that males are generally larger in mammals has been so persistent.

Some hypotheses suggest that for female [bats], its better to be bigger so that they can fly carrying fetuses and offspring more easily, Tombak tells Popular Sciences Laura Baisas.

Likewise, Ralls theorized in the 1976 study that larger females may be better mothersproviding good-quality milk, transportation, protection and other care.

The researchers only looked at roughly 5 percent of all mammal species. While the results could change with more research, the fact that they sampled a broad and representative range of mammals makes Tombak confident in the overall picture they found, she tells Science News.

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Beagle Owners Guide

Living with a Beagle

There is no denying that Beagles are an extremely popular breed for the family home. This can be attributed to their low maintenance cost, temperament, and affection for the family.

Living with a Beagle is great and when cared for properly you can expect the following benefits.

Friendly: Beagles, love making new friends with other dogs, cats, and humans. So, there should be no issue taking your new Beagle down to the local dog park.

Sociable: The Beagle is bred to live and work in a group. This contributes to their friendly behaviour and their perfect status as family pets.

Low Maintenance: The breed is generally healthy and has been bred with characteristics that require little in the way of grooming their coats are short, meaning no expensive bills at the groomer. It is still important to provide adequate care for your Beagle, this will involve cleaning ears, trimming nails, and brushing their teeth.

Versatile: Beagles are extremely adaptable from bush properties to big cities. They are versatile and are more than happy to settle for a dog park if a backyard is not an option.

Exercise: Beagles are an adventurous breed; remember they were bred to track rabbits through the forest. However, Beagles require very little with regards to strenuous exercise or working to get them to rest, they just need enough exercise to keep them in shape and happy.

Male vs Female Pomeranian: Which is Best?

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Last Updated on 25/04/2024 by Dochlaggie. Post first published on July 6, 2021.

Answers to what owners need to know about male vs. female Pomeranian dogs. Which is the best choice for my family? Should I purchase a Pomeranian girl vs. boy Pomeranian Puppy? Are male or female Pomeranians better?

Prospective Pomeranian owners often ask about the advantages and disadvantages of owning a maleor female Pomeranian.

I wanted to find the answer to the question, Are male or female Pomeranians better? So I recently polled over 14,000 Pomeranian owners.

The result did not surprise me. Pom owners were divided 50/50 on owning a male or female Pomeranian.

People who already have a Pom generally query if it is best to purchase a boy puppy for my male or if the better choice is to introduce a Pom of the opposite sex to ensure harmony within the home.

I can only conclude, whether you prefer a male or a female Pomeranian depends very much on your own situation and personality.

Denise Leo, Dochlaggie Pomeranians.

Male vs. Female Pomeranians Personality Traits

If youre looking for a calm, independent pet that is easy to care for, getting a female Pomeranian would suit your needs best.

On the other hand, if you are interested in a small size dog who will act like a puppy, likes playing fetch all day long, and can also easily entertain themselves by playing with toys, then go for the male Pomeranian.

Here are some simple behavioral differences between male and female Pomeranians to help make your buying decision easier because, lets face it, by now, you already know you want a Pomeranian.

Temperament Male Pomeranians

• He loves pleasing his owner and is always looking for attention.
• He enjoys being coddled and is usually clingy.
• Is curious, energetic, playful, and achieves physical maturity quicker.
• Will most likely bond with the entire family.
• Often, they wont get along with other male canines or animals.
• Hell be friendly with female dogs.
• Hes more aggressive and territorial.
• Hell protect his family but isnt usually suspicious of strange people.
• Hell be slow to achieve mental maturity.
• Hell often be clumsy when hes around children.
• Food easily motivates him, but he can be rather messy.
• He becomes distracted easily, making it harder to train properly.
• Teaching him to remain close to you when walking without a leash is difficult.
• Hes higher maintenance.
• Hes very friendly towards people.

Temperament Female Pomeranians

• She doesnt have the same urge to please her owner or to seek attention.
• Shes full of energy, courageous and curious.
• Apart from when shes pregnant, food doesnt motivate her.
• Females are cleaner than males.
• She usually chooses a single person to bond with and will protect that person.
• She will get along with other canines (especially males) and animals.
• Girl Pomeranians are often wary of strangers and make excellent watchdogs.
• Shes quite independent and respects your personal time.
• Females arent as playful or as aggressive as males.
• She will achieve mental maturity faster than physical maturity.
• Shes low maintenance.
• Because she has better focus, she can be trained more easily.
• She will stay by your side when you take her leash off.
• Its harder for her to socialize, and shes wary of children.

Female Pomeranian Temperament

Puppy purchasers believe a female Pomeranian puppy will be the best choice. Most inquiries for pet Pomeranian Puppies are for a sweet, small-size girl puppy.

This is probably true of inquiries for most toy breed dogs, in stark contrast to the larger dog breeds, where inquiries are usually for male puppies, with the largest and most macho boy puppies in the litter sold first.

Puppy buyers seem to think that little girl Pomeranians are sweet, docile, attentive, obedient, and easier to house-train than male Pomeranian Puppies. In reality, this is a myth.

Pomeranian Females usually rule the roost, determine the pecking order, and can be very dominant.

Girl Pomeranians can be independent, aloof, stubborn, and territorial. Female Pomeranians like to exercise their dominance over family members. Most fights in a kennel situation will break out between two girls fighting for dominance, especially during their heat cycle. There is a reason people utilize the technical term bitch in a negative way.

Female Pomeranians usually come for attention; they will move away when she has had enough. While Boy Pomeranians are always waiting for attention from their human family.

Female Pomeranian puppies are usually less distracted during training, as the Girl Pomeranian will want to get this training thing over and done with so she can get back up onto the comfy sofa. A Female Pom dog can be quite resourceful in getting her own way.

Owing a girl Pom dog who has not been desexed can be a hassle when she is in heat.

Male Pomeranian Temperament

Boy Poms can be fun-loving, act silly-like, and want to play games well into old age.

On the other hand, male Pomeranians are usually more affectionate, exuberant, steadfast, less moody, attentive, and more demanding of attention from their human family. Male Pomeranians become very attached to their human family.

Boy Pomeranians are more accepting of other pets. Boy Poms are often easily motivated by praise and food, thus making training easier. Male Pomeranians can be easily distracted from training as they retain puppy-like behavior throughout life.

Neutered Boy Pomeranians rarely exhibit secondary sexual behavior such as humping.or marking. Once the testosterone levels settle after desexing, most of these behaviors ( if they ever existed) will disappear. Boy Pomeranians should be neutered early, at around 4 to 6 months of age.

The cost of desexing a male Pomeranian is usually around half the cost of desexing a Female Pomeranian.

You should not plan litters unless you intend to breed and exhibit Pomeranians.

Boy Pomeranian vs. Puppy Girl Training

House training a Boy or Girl Pom is exactly the same. An untrained or badly trained girl, Pomeranian, will just as quickly back up to an item in your home and pee on it.

Male and Female Pomeranians: Gender Grooming Issues

There is absolutely no significant grooming difference between desexed boy and girl Pomeranians. Unspayed girl Poms generally have a heavy coat shed a couple of months following a season. Be prepared for plenty of brushing to remove the coat as it sheds during this period.

Male and Female Pomeranians: Health Problems

Female: Entire girl Poms are typically in danger of developing mammary gland and uterine cancer.

Male: A greater likelihood of prostate and testicular cancer in un-desexed boy Poms is present.

The possibility of these cancers is greatly decreased after desexing.

How Do Male Pomeranians Get Along with Children?

Male Pomeranians are energetic and full of life. However, this can be negative and positive if you have children in the home.

A lot depends on the age of the children and how they behave towards your dog. When Pomeranians and children are raised together, its sometimes fine. However, your children should not trigger your male Pom if hes not playful.

Male Poms love playing around with kids and may go all day. However, the children need to be careful when they play because they can make the Pom hyperactive, so he will play so much that it can become dangerous.

Male Poms develop quickly and may become best friends with the children. You must explain to them that because Poms are so small, theyre not as physically strong as bigger breeds and must be cared for at all times.

How Do Female Pomeranians Get Along with Children?

If your child is begging for a female Pom pup, you must teach her about the realities of owning a female Pom. Shes not a sweet, innocent dog. She might be hard to please and also be incredibly aloof.

Shes usually introverted quiet, and dislikes being picked up and held. Make sure the kids know this because she likes her own space.

Females are fussy eaters, so make sure your children only give her treats if she craves them. She only likes being played with if shes in the mood.

She may turn aggressive if you disturb, hold, or play with her. Leave her in peace if she has played for a while, then stop because she has had enough.

Males With Other Dogs

In an ideal harmonious household, you would own a few dogs of different genders. For example, if you only have a single male dog, it would be wise to get a female. If you have a single female Pom, get a male to keep the peace.

Its important to have a two-year gap in ages between your first and second dog and so on. Your senior dog will set the benchmark by being a minimum of two years older than the next dog you get.

Males dont react badly when seeing other dogs. Theyre amicable towards other creatures, meaning theyre great for socializing. If a dog enters their territory, they would be happy because it usually means its playtime.

Unlike female Poms, males have no problems with dominance. Theyll usually welcome other dogs in the area, making you slightly confused.

Females With Other Dogs

Females are both independent and territorial. If you focus on other dogs, theyll become feisty to attract your attention. They tend to get jealous of other creatures that come anywhere near you.

The best way to prevent this behavior is to spend more time socializing during their younger years. Despite being jealous of dogs, they wont always desire to make friends with them.

Female Poms usually control the power balance. They will view you as the pack leader, but it wont prevent them from sometimes wanting to be superior. They dislike other dogs, showing alpha tendencies towards them.

You never need to make them calm down and behave if they get aggressive. Despite all this, a first-time owner would be a good fit for a female Pomeranian.

Same-Sex Pomeranian Puppy vs. Opposite-Sex Puppy in a Multiple Pom Family

The query regarding girl vs. boy Pomeranian probably pops up with people who alreadyhave one. People often ask me if should I get a second Pomeranian, and then I usually explain the reasons for and against a second or third Pomeranian.

Many owners want to purchase another puppy because of a real love for the breed. For working Pomeranian parents, having two to keep each other company is considered a solution to relieve loneliness and prevent separation anxiety.

What If The Dogs Dont Bond?

Would it be advisable to maintain the gender the same? Would the opposite sexes be more compatible?

As a Pomeranian owner for many decades, I would endorse opposite-sex Pomeranians for complete home harmony. Two-boy Poms would certainly be my second preference.

Male Pomeranians typically grow to become best buddies in a short time frame. In an ideal household, there shouldnt be any dominance issues; the leader of this pack is always their human parent.

Older Poms usually require additional time to get accustomed to living with a lively young Pomeranian puppy. The senior Pom may occasionally need his personal space away from the youngster.

Which Sex Puppy is Considered the Easiest to Acquire and Why?

Girl Pom Puppies tend to be often scarce and in high demand. The correct size, Pomeranians. i.e., Pomeranians bred to the Pomeranian breed standard only have very small litters. One to three puppies are the norm. Most often, there are more boy puppies in each litter.

Registered Pomeranian Breeders breed mainly to produce show Pomeranians, and if there is a girl in the litter, that puppy will often be retained by the Breeder of the Pomeranian litter. So quality girl Pomeranian Puppies are rarely available as pets.

Elsewhere on this site, I have a section on how and where to purchase a Pomeranian Puppy; this section lists important questions to ask the Pomeranian Breeder.

Which Gender Best Suits a Family?

Theres no point in comparing both genders for families. Pomeranians are toy dogs so that they can live in any household, including condominiums, apartments, units, dormitories, etc.

If you have a lawn, its great for them to run around and play on. But your accommodation size isnt an issue when owning a Pomeranian.

Advantages of Male Pomeranians in a Family Environment:

• Males love playing with children all day long.
• Theyll bond with everyone in the family.
• Theyre ideal for families who are adventurous extroverts.
• They will regard you as the pack leader.
• Theyre wonderful snugglers.
• They find it simple to adjust to new places.
• Theyre perfect for stress relief.

Advantages of Female Pomeranians in a Family Environment:

• Females are fiercely protective of their families.
• Loyal to their family.
• They dont trust strangers easily.
• They hate mess and dirt.
• They get along with male Poms.
• Theyre not always affectionate.
• Not always in the mood to play.
• Its difficult to train and discipline them.

Final Thoughts on Whether a Pomeranian Male or Female Is Best

In wrapping up the discussion on male versus female Pomeranians, its essential to recognize that both genders have unique charms and quirks. While there might be general differences in temperament and behavior between male and female Pomeranians, each dog has its personality and characteristics.

As with any purebred dog, choosing a pet that aligns with your lifestyle, household dynamics, and personal preferences is crucial. Whether you decide on a male or female Pomeranian, youre in for a delightful journey filled with love, playfulness, and unmistakable charisma.

Remember, the bond you build with your pet is far more influential than their gender, ensuring a lasting and loving companionship.

Youre best getting a male Pomeranian if you have a large family. They relate well to other people and animals and crave lots of attention.

If you live alone or with a partner in a smaller dwelling, such as an apartment or unit, you would be better off with a female Pomeranian. She would enjoy the tranquil setting and have some space for herself.

Pomeranians are acknowledged as being incredibly loving towards other dogs. Adding a Pom sibling to your family frequently assists with anxiety concerns, although this should not be the sole purpose of acquiring another dog.

Before you decide on a Girl or Boy Pomeranian Puppy, consider the issues mentioned in this article.

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References and Further Reading:[1] Denise Leo The Pomeranian Handbook.[2] Denise Leo Training Your Pomeranian .

The Pomeranian Handbook

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